
Defence spending can be leveraged to build climate-resilient infrastructure by aligning national security and local adaptation priorities. A defence–civilian co-funding model could strengthen critical systems, ensure resilience is integrated from the design stage, and lessen dependence on costly military response during extreme weather events.

Generative AI is rapidly expanding, driving demand for energy-intensive data centres and renewed interest in nuclear power, particularly small modular reactors. As governments and companies invest in these technologies, questions arise about the resilience of the systems that will power and support them. This article examines the intersection of AI growth, nuclear energy development, and infrastructure resilience, highlighting climate-related risks, power grid vulnerabilities, and the lessons from past large-scale disruptions. It argues for designing energy and digital systems that can withstand and adapt to the increasing pressures of a changing and uncertain world.

Organizational silos within city governments and partner agencies limit communication, coordination, and innovation, making it difficult to address complex climate challenges. Cross-sector collaboration and integrated governance are essential for overcoming these barriers and building more climate-ready, resilient cities.

Public-private partnerships (PPPs) offer innovation, expertise, and funding for public infrastructure and services but also carry risks such as accountability gaps and profit-driven priorities. Careful design, oversight, and governance are essential to ensure PPPs deliver long-term public value and avoid undermining public interests.

Resilience, adaptation, and transformation are related but distinct concepts in climate and urban governance. Resilience focuses on maintaining function during disruptions, adaptation involves adjusting to new conditions, and transformation means fundamentally changing systems in response to challenges. Understanding these differences is essential for developing effective, context-specific strategies for climate resilience.